Showing posts with label Chemistry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Chemistry. Show all posts

Monday, September 12, 2011

Periodic Table

Periodic Table

Saturday, September 10, 2011

Standard Test Method

ASTM- Standard Test Method
ASTM E 28- Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
D 71- Standard Test Method for Relative Density of Solid Pitch and Asphalt (Displacement Method)
D 1544- Color Reference Standards
D 974-Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D3236 - 88(2009) Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Hot Melt Adhesives and Coating Materials
D88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D831 Test Method for Gas Content of Cable and Capacitor Oils
D877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
D878 Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates in Insulating Oils
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
D924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids
D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against Water by the Ring Method
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) of Electrical Insulating Liquids
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
D1275 Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insulating Oils
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)
D1524 Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field
D1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
D1534 Test Method for Approximate Acidity in Electrical Insulating Liquids by Color-Indicator Titration
D1698 Test Method for Sediments and Soluble Sludge in Service-Aged Insulating Oils
D1807 Test Methods for Refractive Index and Specific Optical Dispersion of Electrical Insulating Liquids
D1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE Electrodes
D1827 Test Method for Gas Content (Nonacidic) of Insulating Liquids by Displacement with Carbon Dioxide
D1903 Practice for Determining the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels
D1934 Test Method for Oxidative Aging of Electrical Insulating Petroleum Oils by Open-Beaker Method
D2112 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Inhibited Mineral Insulating Oil by Pressure Vessel
D2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
D2144 Practices for Examination of Electrical Insulating Oils by Infrared Absorption
D2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity
D2285 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Against Water by the Drop-Weight Method
D2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical Insulating Liquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (Modified Pirelli Method)
D2440 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil
D2668 Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infrared Absorption
D2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
D2759 Practice for Sampling Gas from a Transformer Under Positive Pressure
D2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids
D2945 Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating Oils
D3300 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Impulse Conditions
D3305 Practice for Sampling Small Gas Volume in a Transformer
D3455 Test Methods for Compatibility of Construction Material with Electrical Insulating Oil of Petroleum Origin
D3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
D3612 Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography
D3635 Test Method for Dissolved Copper In Electrical Insulating Oil By Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4059 Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography
D4768 Test Method for Analysis of 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Para-Cresol and 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Phenol in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography
D5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elements, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in Base Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
D5222 Specification for High Fire-Point Mineral Electrical Insulating Oils
D5837 Test Method for Furanic Compounds in Electrical Insulating Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
D6180 Test Method for Stability of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Electrical Discharge
D6181 Test Method for Measurement of Turbidity in Mineral Insulating Oil of Petroleum Origin
D6786 Test Method for Particle Count in Mineral Insulating Oil Using Automatic Optical Particle Counters
D6802 Test Method for Determination of the Relative Content Of Dissolved Decay Products in Mineral Insulating Oils by Spectrophotometry
D7150 Test Method for the Determination of Gassing Characteristics of Insulating Liquids Under Thermal Stress at Low Temperature
D7151 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Insulating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

GPC Molecular weight (mw) polymers- Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) for plastics and polymers- Intertek has long term experience.

Wednesday, August 24, 2011

Tips for Plastic Industry


High-density polyethylene

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is a polyethylene thermoplastic made from petroleum .

Polypropylene

Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer , made by the chemical industry and used in a wide variety of

Polyethylene

Polyethylene (PE) or polythene (IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene) is the most widely used plastic , with an annual production of

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC Poly(chloroethanediyl) commonly abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer . hydrogens replaced with a chloride group.

Vinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride is the organochloride with the formula CH 2:CHCl. in a similar vein to ethyl chloride , though its toxicity forced this

Polystyrene

Polystyrene (ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn) (IUPAC Poly(1-phenylethane-1,2-diyl), abbreviated following ISO Standard PS, is an aromatic polymer made ...

Polyoxymethylene plastic (redirect from Polyacetal) Polyoxymethylene (commonly referred to as POM and also known as polyacetal or polyformaldehyde) is an engineering thermoplastic used in

Acetal

The plastic known as acetal is a polyacetal. Formation of an acetal occurs when the hydroxyl group of a hemiacetal becomes protonated and ...

Condensation polymer

Types of condensation polymers include polyamide s, polyacetal s and polyester s. Condensation polymerization, a form of step-growth .

Tamborim

In samba-batucada , it is played with a beater made of several flexible nylon or polyacetal threads bound together. On rare occasions.

Dioxolane

Dioxolane is used as a solvent and as a co- monomer in polyacetal s. Dioxolanes are a group of organic compound s sharing the dioxolane .

Static mixer

Typical materials of construction for the static mixer components included stainless steel , polypropylene , Teflon , Kynar and polyacetal .

Dynamic covalent chemistry

The concept is demonstrated in a minor but illustrative example involving polyacetal macrocycle s. The cyclophane C2 can be prepared by

Plain bearing

Common plastics include nylon , polyacetal , polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), rulon ,

Hexafluoro-2-propanol

the most common organic solvents: such as polyamide s, polyacrylonitrile s, polyacetals, polyester s (e.g. polyglycolide ), and polyketones.

Hairbrush

Ebony , Rosewood , New Guinea Rosewood , Beech , ABS plastic , polyacetal common materials used for bristles. boar bristle , Horsehair ,

Thermoplastic

(LCP) | Polyacetal (POM or Acetal) | Polyacrylates (Acrylic) | Polyacrylonitrile (PAN or Acrylonitrile) | Polyamide (PA or Nylon) |

Ticona

polyacetal : Celcon, Hostaform and Duracon (POM ) liquid crystal polymer : Vectra, Vectran (LCP ) long glass fiber reinforced

Ground glass joint

These are usually made of polyacetal , and are colored according to joint sizes. An older method was to have barbs on the ends of each

BASF

resins, Ultradur, polybutylene tererphthalate (PBT), Ultraform, polyacetal (POM), and Ultrason,polysulfone (PSU) and polyether sulfone (PES).

Zipper

Plastic zippers mostly use polyacetal resin though other resins are used as well, such as polyethylene. Open-ended zippers use a "box and

Polyethylene terephthalate (redirect from Polyethylene terephtalate)

Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate), commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P

Polyester

specific material most commonly refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). ... aromatic | Copolymer | Polyethylene terephtalate (PET) | 16 KB (1,975 words) - 20:22, 1 June 2010

Protocrystalline

See also : Polyethylene terephtalate (PET) References : External links : http://www. ipe. uni-stuttgart. de/index. php? lang ger&pulldownID 12& ...

Organic electronics

Inexpensive polymeric substrates like polyethylene terephtalate (PET) or polycarbonate (PC) would be a way out towards further cost ...

Polybutylene terephthalate

Compared to PET (polyethylene terephthalate ), PBT has slightly ... topic/468341/polybutylene-terephthalate Polybutylene-terephtalate on Britannica ...

Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate. Image:Lexan. png | Repeating chemical structure unit of br Polycarbonate made from bisphenol A Physical Properties Density (ρ)

Polyethylene terephthalate

Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate), commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P ...

Polyethylene glycol

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine . historically as ...

Low-density polyethylene

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from petroleum . It was the first grade of polyethylene, produced in 1933 by ...

Polyethylene Microspheres

Polyethylene microspheres are a group of polymer microspheres , sometimes also referred to as polyethylene spheres, polyethylene beads, ...

Cross-linked polyethylene

Cross-linked polyethylene, commonly abbreviated PEX or XLPE, is a form of polyethylene with cross-link s. It is formed into tubing, and ...

Linear low-density polyethylene

Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) is a substantially linear polymer (polyethylene ), with significant numbers of short branches, ...

Polyethylene naphthalate

Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) is a polyester with good barrier properties (even better than Polyethylene terephthalate ). Because it ...

Renewable Polyethylene

Sugar Cane based Polyethylene (or also known as renewable polyethylene) is made out of Ethanol , which becomes Ethylene after a ...

Polyethylene amine

Polyethylene amine is a polymer of aziridine with the molecular formula (CH 2 CH 2 NH)n. It is a structural analogue of polyethylene ...

Polyethylene synovitis

Polyethylene synovitis is an inflammation caused by increased quantities of polyethylene wear particles in the synovial fluid of patients ...

Metallized polyethylene terephthalate

Metallized polyethylene terephthalate (commonly abbreviated MPET) was used as flame retardant Usually vaporized aluminium is brought onto ...

Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta

Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta is the active ingredient of a drug marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the brand name Mircera. ...

Hypalon (redirect from Chlorosulfonated polyethylene)

Hypalon is a trademark for chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) synthetic rubber (CSM) noted for its resistance to chemicals, temperature ...

Medium density polyethylene

Medium Density Polyethylene, or MDPE is a type of Polyethylene defined by a density range of 0.926 - 0.940 g/cm 3. It is less dense than ...

Sintered polyethylene

date October 2008 Sinter plate filter elements were developed in Germany during the years of 1981 and 1982. These rigid filter elements are ...

Polymer

A simple example is polyethylene , whose repeating unit is based on ethylene (IUPAC name ethene) monomer . Most commonly, as in this ...

PET film (biaxially oriented)

Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (boPET) is a polyester film made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and is ...

Polypropylene

Most commercial polypropylene is isotactic and has an intermediate level of crystal linity between that of low-density polyethylene (LDPE ...

Plastic

Thermoplastics will soften and melt if enough heat is applied; examples are polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and

Hydrofluoric acid

Because of its high reactivity toward glass, hydrofluoric acid must be stored (in small quantities) in polyethylene or Teflon containers.

Rotational molding

More than 80% of all the material used is from the polyethylene family: cross-linked polyethylene (PE), linear low density polyethylene ...

Certification listing

A. Max 1/C 500 kcmil aluminum conductor cable with cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) jacket.

Bioplastic (section Bio-derived polyethylene)

Bio-derived polyethylene : The basic building block (monomer ) of polyethylene is ethylene. This is just one small chemical step from

Coaxial cable

The dielectric losses increase in this order: Ideal dielectric (no loss), vacuum, air, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene foam

Acetic acid

It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate mainly used in soft ...

Plastic recycling

the Society of the Plastics Industry in 1988. Polyethylene terephthalate , commonly referred to as PET, for instance, has a resin code of 1.

Blow molding (section Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET))

Polymer characteristics relevant for blow molding High-density polyethylene (HDPE): High impact strength. Low temperature toughness,

Tether propulsion

Some current tether designs use crystalline plastics such as ultra high molecular weight polyethylene , aramid or carbon fiber.

Polystyrene

opposed to non-aromatic hydrocarbon polymers such as polyethylene , which burn with a light yellow flame (often with a blue tinge) and no soot.

Hydrofluoric acid

Because of its high reactivity toward glass, hydrofluoric acid must be stored (in small quantities) in polyethylene or Teflon containers.

Hot-melt adhesive

Polyolefin s (PO) (polyethylene (usually LDPE but also HDPE ; HDPE has higher melting point and better temperature resistance), atactic

Dow Chemical Company

Dow is the world's largest producer of plastic s, including polystyrene , polyurethane s, polyethylene , polypropylene , and synthetic ...

Laboratory glassware

Special-purpose materials are also used; for example, hydrofluoric acid is stored and used in polyethylene containers because it reacts

Kayak

They're made of wood/ canvas , wood, carbon fiber , fiberglass , Kevlar , polyethylene , polyester , rubberized fabric, neoprene ,

Ether

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) | Polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE) | Polymerization of ethylene oxide | -CH_2-CH_2-O- |

Osmotic power

A new, cheap membrane, based on an electrically modified polyethylene plastic, made it fit for potential commercial use. Other methods have ...

Eastman Chemical Company

(PTA), propane, and ethane are used by Eastman to manufacture polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers and polyethylene products ...

Crystallization of polymers

Examples of semi-crystalline polymers are linear polyethylene (PE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or isotactic polypropylene (PP)

Chemical industry

Polymers and plastics, especially polyethylene , polypropylene , polyvinyl chloride , polyethylene terephthalate , polystyrene and

Constipation

lactulose, polyethylene glycol , or magnesium salts, should immediately be followed with prevention using increased fiber (fruits,

Polycarbonate. Image:Lexan. png | Repeating chemical structure unit of br Polycarbonate made from bisphenol A Physical Properties Density (ρ) ...

Lexan

Lexan is a registered trademark for SABIC Innovative Plastics' (formerly General Electric Plastics) brand of polycarbonate resin ...

Bisphenol A

It is a key monomer in production of epoxy resins and in the most common form of polycarbonate plastic Polycarbonate plastic, which is ...

Makroclear

Makroclear is a brand of solid polycarbonate plastic sheet ranging from 0.75 to 15 mm thickness. Polycarbonate is seen as the toughest ...

MacBook (section Polycarbonate unibody model)

There have been three separate designs of the MacBook: the original model uses a combination of polycarbonate and fibreglass casing that ...

Glazing

Glazing is a transparent part of a wall , usually made of glass or plastic (acrylic and polycarbonate ). Glazing also describes the ...

ASTM C 1349

ASTM C 1349 is a Standard Practice Standard Specification for Architectural Flat Glass Clad Polycarbonate. This standard was created by ...

Arla Plast

Arla Plast AB was the first company in Europe to co-extrude a UV-absorber on polycarbonate sheet in order to enhance the weatherability ...

Plastic

The primary building block of polycarbonate s, bisphenol A (BPA), is an estrogen -like endocrine disruptor that may leach into food. ...

Corrective lens (section Polycarbonate)

polycarbonate's 1.586, however, may result in slightly thicker lenses. Along with polycarbonate and the various high-index plastics, ...

EcoDisc

EcoDisc is a type of DVD which consists of only one layer of polycarbonate instead of the two bonded layers of a conventional DVD. ...

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

It is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when extreme strength is not necessary. bisphenol-A subunits found in polycarbonate. ...

Optical media preservation

The data layer, supported by the polycarbonate substrate can be metallic or dye-based, depending on the disc type. sheet of polycarbonate ...

Glasses

Eyeglass lenses are commonly made from plastic , including CR-39 and polycarbonate . These materials reduce the danger of breakage and ...

Bullet-resistant glass

Bullet-resistant glass is usually constructed using polycarbonate thermoplastic or layers of laminated glass . The aim is to make a ...

Guitar

Some modern guitars are made of polycarbonate materials. Guitars are made and repaired by luthier s. There are two primary families of ...

Automoblox

The toy consists of wooden car body sections with patented plastic interconnects, polycarbonate wheels and rubber tyres, plastic ...

MacBook family

The MacBook family (with the exception of the white polycarbonate MacBook) uses a black keyboard that was first used on the MacBook Air, ...

Behringer Truth series

The original model was the Truth B2031 introduced in early 2001 which is an active model that has a 8.75 inch, long throw polycarbonate ...

IMac (Intel-based) (section Polycarbonate iMac)

While previous iMac models had a white polycarbonate enclosure as the iMac G5, the current-generation iMac has an enclosure shaped like ...

BASF's Engineering Plastics consists of the "4 Ultras"

Ultramid polyamide (PA) nylon-based resins, Ultradur, polybutylene tererphthalate (PBT), Ultraform, polyacetal (POM), and Ultrason,polysulfone (PSU) and polyether sulfone (PES).

Styrenics
BASF Styrenics consists of the Foams and Copolymers. BASF's styrenic copolymers have applications in electronics, building and construction, and automotive components.

Polyurethanes
BASF's Polyurethanes business consists of diverse technologies and finished products. Urethane chemicals are raw materials used in rigid and flexible foams commonly used for insulation in the construction and appliance industries, furniture, packaging and transportation.

Foams
Foams like Styropor are generally used as insulating materials. They are eco-efficient and offer advantages over other materials in terms of cost-effectiveness, preservation of resources and environmental protection. Investments made for insulating materials usually pay for themselves within a short time and contribute to retaining and even enhancing the value of buildings.

Polyamides and Intermediates
BASF is a manufacturer of polyamide precursors and polyamide. BASF offer polyamide 6 and polyamide 6,6 polymers as well as precursors.

Biodegradable Plastics
BASF was a pioneer in manufacturing and developing biodegradable plastic, namely, Ecoflex. Ecovio, consists of Ecoflex and a high content of polylactic acid.